![]() All patients require close monitoring of blood pressure and cardiac rhythm. Treatment of poisoning is mainly supportive. The only post-mortem signs are those of asphyxia. The main causes of death are ventricular arrhythmias and asystole, paralysis of the heart or of the respiratory center. Other features may include sweating, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, headache, and confusion. Cardiovascular features include hypotension, sinus bradycardia, and ventricular arrhythmias. In severe poisonings pronounced motor weakness occurs and cutaneous sensations of tingling and numbness spread to the limbs. This is followed by a sensation of burning, tingling, and numbness in the mouth and face, and of burning in the abdomen. The initial signs are gastrointestinal including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Death usually occurs within two to six hours in fatal poisoning (20 to 40 mL of tincture may prove fatal). Marked symptoms may appear almost immediately, usually not later than one hour, and "with large doses, death is almost instantaneous". It was also used in a recent Sherlock Holmes book plot. Aconites have been used more recently in murder plots they contain the chemical alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, which are highly toxic. napellus could have been legally sentenced to death. During the ancient Roman period of European history, the plant was often used to eliminate criminals and enemies, and by the end of the period it was banned and anyone growing A. napellus has a long history of use as a poison, with cases going back thousands of years. Persian physician Avicenna (980–1037) wrote that arrows dipped in the sap were used to kill, and Dr Antonio Guaineri, in one of the first medical dictionaries 'Practica', wrote that arrows that had the poison from roots of the plant were used to kill wild goats in Italy. napellus contains several poisonous compounds, including enough cardiac poison that it was used on spears and arrows for hunting and battle in ancient times. This species has been crossed with other Aconitums to produce attractive hybrids for garden use, including Aconitum × cammarum. The use of micropropagation protocols has been studied. ![]() The species has a low natural propagation rate under cultivation and is propagated by seed or by removing offsets that are generated each year from the rootstocks. It is a cut flower crop used for fresh cutting material and sometimes used as dried material. vulgare (DC.) Rouy & Foucaud, Alps, Pyrenees, northern SpainĪconitum napellus is grown in gardens for its attractive spike-like inflorescences and showy blue flowers. tauricum (Wulfen) Gáyer, Eastern Alps, southern Carpathians (declared as an own species Aconitum tauricum by other sources ) ![]() ![]() superbum (Fritsch) W.Seitz, western Balkans fissurae (Nyár.) W.Seitz, Balkans to south-western Russia firmum (Rchb.) Gáyer, Central and eastern Europe Nine subspecies are accepted by the Flora Europaea: The cultivar 'Spark's Variety' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. There are white and rose colored forms in cultivation too. Aconitum napellus is grown in gardens in temperate zones for its spiky inflorescences that are showy in early-mid summer, and its attractive foliage. ![]()
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